The term white Essay Example for Free

The term white Essay What is our reaction or impression when we read or hear the term white? Quite often, it is simply colour that instantly comes to our minds. Furthermore, many of us are unaware of the various interpretations involving the word. This is not surprising! Lets start with white clothing and its purposes, symbolic, or factual, commonly used in religions as well as in hospitals. The pope, an obvious Roman Catholic, wears white robes to portray his distinctive figure, being the highest authority at the Vatican. Similarly, some nuns wear white habits to reveal their puritanical appearance, and, not surprisingly, a bride of the same faith traditionally wears a white wedding dress to demonstrate her virginal aspect. Looking at a different religion, it is very interesting to learn about the custom in Islamic countries, where the dead are buried naked, wrapped in a white cloth. Their belief is that it symbolizes purity and is a necessary religious practice for the dead to get to heaven. When it comes to facts, we also understand the necessity of white garments used in private or public hospitals, and most clinics. Here, there are compulsory regulations where all medical staff must wear white uniforms, ranging from caps to overcoats and suits. It is the intention of the hospitals to help their patients and outsiders, distinguish the doctors, physicians, nurses and other medical assistants. We go on to fascinating white creations, being those of nature. For example, clouds, snow, sleet, ice, fog and mist are all naturally white as a result of atmospheric temperatures. Even the moon, stars and lightning flashes are white, however, at night! Moreover, another example is that of bones, such as humans, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, as well as the milk produced by humans and animals. Likewise, even the sap produced by some trees, is white. Other interpretations of white are present in grammatical expressions. It is also used to reveal a persons image, emotions or feelings. An example would be, He became white with shock. Very often, white used before a noun denotes the whiteness in colour, of that subject. However, it is also possible that words used immediately after the term can have nothing to do with the colour itself and can have completely different or contradictory meanings, such as: A white admiral, a kind of butterfly from Eurasia; A white ant, another name for a termite that is black in colour! As we approach the final subject, think about white and associate it with food. The result of our imagination could be rice, sugar, salt or flour. However, did we bear in mind at the same instant, that these foods were initially not white, but became so after a thorough process or refinement? In opposition to the previous question, it is amazing how some flesh foods not naturally white in raw state, turn white in appearance, as a result of cooking. Such classified foods are fish, chicken, turkey and duck. Consequently, what do we contemplate about white eggshells? We reason their naturally white colour but we definitely do not think of eating them! Nevertheless, the albumin, a part of its edible contents, also turns white in colour when cooked. An advantageous food compared to those previously mentioned is the cauliflower, a beneficial vegetable that remains white in colour and edible, both in raw and cooked state. After looking at all these examples, we now realize how vastly the term can be interpreted, whether used religiously, symbolically, factually, as a natural creation, in general vocabulary or food. Perhaps the next time we are asked a question about a colour, our immediate thoughts or assumptions will be somewhat different, than just the ordinary colour itself!

Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory

Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory The Practical and Theoretical Applications of Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory in Social Work Social work theories are extremely helpful in placing certain problem situations in context, and dealing with those situations. Two theories, Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory, will be particularly helpful in analyzing the case of Dave and Jenny, a married couple in their early twenties, who live on a London housing estate with their two children, Sean (aged four) and Sarah (aged two). Dave works irregularly as a labourer, and spends a good portion of his wages each week at the pub and at the bookies. This causes tension in their marriage, including repeated rows and occasional violence. The family have rent arrears and hire purchase debts, and they recently received a letter from a loan company threatening to repossess some of their property. Most of their problems are about money, and each blames the other for Sean’s willful and aggressive behaviour at the local day nursery. A mother and toddlers group was offered for Sarah, but was never taken up. Both Dave and Jenny would like help with their financial difficulties, and Jenny would like their relationship to improve. Dave claims that the only thing wrong with their relationship is their lack of intimacy since Sarah was born. The family was referred by the Health Visitor, who felt the familys problems were affecting Sarah. The first theory is question is Attachment Theory. Intimate relationships with others are the context in which we discover who we are, learn how others feel about life’s important issues, and how to bridge differences (Waters, Merrick, Treboux, Crowell and Albersheim, 684). The emotional security and warmth derived from a loving parent provides us with a foundation from which we can take the risks that are inevitably part of life (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990). In short, close relationships between babies and their caregivers are central to human life, and the theory of attachment is about these relationships: how they are formed, what happens during the relationship with the nurturing parent, and what the consequences are for later development (Ainsworth, 969 ) If we begin life with an experience of successful closeness, we are better able to create closeness in our relationships with friends and partners. The connection between caregiver and child ensures the two will remain near each other physically, but at the same time, the security of this closeness creates the courage the child needs to venture forth into the world (Waters etc. et al., 686). Secure attachment therefore actually facilitates independence as well as the formation of an autonomous self (Weinfield, Sroufe and Egeland, 687). Attachment theory proposes that the maintenance of bonds, particularly the bond between a mother and her young child, is essential to the survival of the human species and a compelling individual need (Belsky and Nezworski, 1988). An attachment may be defined as an affectional tie that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific one a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time (Ainsworth, 989). Secure attachment provides the foundation for positive growth. It is therefore essential that all children have the opportunity to enjoy such relationships. The key factor for the caregiver is â€Å"sensitive responsiveness† the ability to attune to the child and respond to their signals (Caruso, 121). The child’s responsiveness is also an important contributor to the process. Attachment problems are more likely to arise with â€Å"difficult† babies. Research has established a clear link between secure attachment and other developmental processes, in particular language development, exploratory behaviour and socially appropriate behaviour (Belsky and Nezworski, 1988). The desire to gain the approval of adults is a powerful motivation in learning to control equally powerful but less desirable urges (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990). For children learn to take care of themselves only as well as they have been cared for, and attentive care fosters self regard, se lf protection and self control, fostering a view of the world as responsive and caring (Weinfeld, etc. et al., 200). The securely attached child has formed the mental image of the self as a â€Å"cared about person in conjunction with the mother or other partner as a caring person, which enables the child to tolerate being separated from the caregiver, both physically and mentally, without anxiety increasing enough to disrupt play† (Rutter, 267). In the simplest terms, securely attached toddlers are more independent than insecurely attached ones. Attachment is the â€Å"laboratory of human connection, the experience that prepares us for a life in which we have the opportunity to thrive† (Bowlby, 1988). As part of our general duty to protect the young, we must support them in these early important relationships and do whatever we can to preserve the family relationships that support them. The attachment process is based on fine-tuning the relationship between caregiver and child, and multiple difficulties may arise in any situation. Separation due to illness, depression, stress and tension within the family may make it difficult for the primary caregiver and/or child to respond to each other (Ainsworth, 1009). Where the environment is chaotic and the primary caregiver is not available to the child secure attachment will not be possible. Failure to accomplish the goals of the parent-child relationship will result in an inadequate attachment relationship, placing the child on a pathway to relationship difficulties through out life (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990). Here is where our case study comes into play. The problems Sean is having at the day nursery (willful and aggressive behaviour) could very easily be derived from a lack of attachment at home. As evidenced in the preceding paragraphs, Attachment Theory is particularly applicable to â€Å"difficult† children, and there is a direct correlation between secure attachment and appropriate behaviour. This behaviour, in combination with the ability to act independently, is not evidenced by Sean, and, while there is not enough data to support it, could very well be applied to Sarah as well. After all, the reason the family was referred by the Health Visitor was out of concern for her. Furthermore, if Sean isn’t receiving the secure attachment he needs, then probably neither is Sarah. It is therefore safe to assume that the tension and chaos of the home environment is having a detrimental affect on Sean and Sarah, especially looking at it from a theoretical standpoint. And unfortu nately, while Sean at least has the opportunity to forge positive relationships at the day care centre, without the proper foundation at home, such relationships are not likely to succeed. Bringing an Attachment Theory standpoint to the attention of Dave and Jenny would be the first step in addressing these problems, followed by a comprehensive plan of action to redress the problems derived from a lack of secure attachment. Another theory that will be useful in assessing our case study is Community Development Theory. Since the late nineteenth century, the use of the term community has remained to some extent associated with the â€Å"hope and the wish of reviving once more the closer, warmer, more harmonious type of bonds between people vaguely attributed to past ages†(Hoggett, 1997). Before 1910 there was little social science literature concerning community, and it was really only in 1915 that the first clear definition emerged, which was coined by C. J. Galpin in relation to delineating rural communities in terms of the trade and service areas surrounding a central village (Harper and Dunham, 19). A number of competing definitions of community quickly followed. Some focused on community as a geographical area, some on a group of people living in a particular place, and others as an area of common life. Community development as a theory and practice centers on community work, organization and participation. As a child needs guidance to develop correctly, communities, too, need mature guidance from experts to ensure the proper developmental trajectory (Almond, 1970). Community development (or building) presents an image of â€Å"continual improvement and grassroots efforts, using a combination of mental and manual work, with a division of labor within the community, not between the community and the outsiders† (Cook, 1979). Community building implies a broad set of participants and a shared vision of what the community should be like in the future, looking at the whole and not just a few parts. When community residents are addressed in terms of what they can offer rather than what they need to receive, they become active participants in the process of change (Almond, 1970). While a community is made up of individuals, it is more than the sum of its individual parts. A healthy community is able to use the skills, knowledge and ability of all the people in it to take initiative and to adapt in the face of constant change (Morgan, 1942). It requires there to be relationships and communications both inside and outside of the community. There is a generally recognized set of characteristics distinguishing community development, which include: Focus on a unit called â€Å"community.† Conscious attempts to induce non-reversible structural change. Use of paid professionals/workers. Initiation by groups, agencies or institutions external to the community unit. Emphasize public participation. Participate for the purpose of self-help. Increase dependence on participatory democracy as the mode for community (public) decision-making. Use a holistic approach (Lotz, 69) There are many ways to define community. Each of the standard definitions may be sufficient in most situations, but here is a general operational definition: A community is a particular type of social system distinguished by the following characteristics: People involved in the system have a sense and recognition of the relationships and areas of common concerns with other members. The system has longevity, continuity and is expected to persist. Its operations depend considerably on voluntary cooperation, with a minimal use (or threat) of sanctions or coercion. It is multi-functional. The system is expected to produce many things and to be attuned to many dimensions of interactions. The system is complex, dynamic and sufficiently large that instrumental relationships predominate. Usually, there is a geographic element associated with its definition and basic boundaries (Christenson and Robinson, 1980). In the context of community development, development is a concept associated with improvement. It is a certain type of change in a positive direction. The nature and direction of development can only be made by people according to their own values, aspirations and expectations (Wade, 116). In the case of community systems, this must be a collective judgment. Since people are different in many ways, the chances of finding unanimity about what constitutes improvement are slight (Lotz, 71). Community development builds from this proposition (people are different). Each is distinguishable from all others, indicating that each has something unique about him or her. It also takes the position that each person probably has some bit of information or insight not available to anyone else. While it is impossible to collect and process â€Å"all the bits of intelligence embodied in the population, it is possible to collect and evaluate more of the diverse intelligence that does exist† (C ook, 1979). Community development theory involves certain assumptions about people and the community system. These include the following: People are diverse. Community systems can organize to take advantage of that diversity. Community systems are not totalitarian. People have life spaces outside of the community structure. Breadth of experience, intelligence, information and energies represented in a population far exceed that which the community system takes into account. People learn from participation in community systems and community systems learn from the participation of people. People are capable of exercising a considerable degree of autonomy, while exercising self-restraint required for social order. People have the capacity for a significant level of empathy with others that permits tolerance and voluntary relationships within the community systems. While people prefer justice and fairness in community systems, they often perceive it differently. Imperfections will mark every community system. A degree of inequity will exist in every community system. Resorting to absolutes is likely to stand in the way of finding practical accommodations within the community system. Working from the principle that everyone affected by a decision has a right to participate helps the community system locate areas of difficulty and expands the range of potential intelligence available to the system with which to address the situation (Wade, 118). As the situations faced by community systems become more complex and subject to change, there is need for more and greater variety of intelligence to govern the system (Christenson and Robinson, 1980). Members of the community have been, and are, an underused source of intelligence and information. â€Å"Open democratic processes give the system access to this reservoir. Participants learn and the system learns. Learning is the requirement for, and the product of, the community development process† (Botkins, Elmandjra and Malitza, 1979). And here is where this applies to our case study. Dave and Jenny are new to their community, and don’t know anyone. Therefore, they feel isolated. However, if they were more involved, either with those in their immediate environment, or with their greater surroundings, they would feel more welcome and more â€Å"part of a whole.† With more friends, and more of a sense of community and belonging, they would feel happier, which would no doubt affect their relationship and, subsequently, their relationship with their children. In addition (and more importantly), they would have an incredible resource at their disposal: the other members of their community. While the phrase â€Å"it takes a village† is perhaps something of a clichà ©, or something that belongs in rural Africa, it is entirely applicable to countless situations and in a modern context. The fact is, over time, the only way progress has been made is collectively. People, working together, pooling their resources, have been able to make extraordinary pr ogress, the kind which could not have been done alone. And on the surface, while this kind of progress, along with Community Development Theory itself, may seem to apply to big, societal projects like keeping the streets safe or the streets clean, it is relevant to families as well. Raising kids is hard work, and even with systems in place like day care, it is sometimes impossible to do so in ways that are healthy and productive. However, by utilizing one’s community, which is chock-full of â€Å"underused sources† (babysitters, teachers, tutors, social programs, civic organizations, churches, etc.), everyone can benefit. And in this case, the advantages for Dave, Jenny, Sean and Sarah are obvious. Issues of family, community poverty and violence are as old as recorded history. Millions of reports of child abuse and neglect are made each year, and these statistics and others reinforce the long held-concerns of the effects of poverty and stress on children’s development. However, the task of discovering familial and societal causes and consequences are enormously important not only scientifically but morally and practically. They are also among the most difficult types of social work. Both Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory, though vastly different in terms of their goals, applications and functions, are extremely useful in looking at ways to assist and comprehend Jenny and Dave and people like them. Whether at home through secure attachment, or outside the family unit via the community at large, help (and understanding) is at hand. Bibliography Ainsworth, Mary D.S. Object Relations, Dependency, and Attachment: A Theoretical Review of the Infant-Mother Relationship. Child Development, Vol. 40, 1969. Almond, G. A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics. The Politics of the Developing Areas. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Belsky, J. and Nezworski, T. (eds.). Clinical Implications of Attachment. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1988. Bornstein, Marc, and Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine. â€Å"Activities and Interactions of Mothers and Their Firstborn Infants in the First Six Months of Life: Covariation, Stability, Continuity, Correspondence, and Prediction.† Child Dev, 1206 (1990). Botkins, James W., Elmandjra, Mahdi and Malitza, Mircea. No Limits to Learning. New York: Pergamon Press, 1979. Bowlby, J. â€Å"Attachment and Loss: Retrospect and Prospect.† American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), October, 1982. Bowlby, J. A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York: Basic Books Inc., 1988. Caruso, D. A. â€Å"Attachment and Exploration in Infancy: Research and Applied Issues.† Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 1989. Cook, James B. â€Å"Advocacy of Grassroots Citizenship.† Journal of Community Development Society. Fall, 1975. Cook, James B. â€Å"Democracy and Rural Development.† University of Missouri-Columbia. Department of Community Development, June 1979. Christenson, James A., and Robinson, Jerry W., Jr. (eds.). Community Development in America. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1980. Harper, E. H. and Dunham, A. Community Organization in Action: Basic Literature and Critical Comments. New York: Association Press, 1959. Hoggett, P. Contested Communities. Experiences, Struggles, Policies. Bristol: Policy Press, 1997. Kopp, Clair B. â€Å"Trends and Directions in Studies of Developmental Risk.† In Threats to Optimal Development: Integrating Biological, Psychological, and Social Risk Factors. Nelson, Charles, (ed.). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994. Lotz, Jim. â€Å"Training in Community Development.† Community Development Journal, 1970. McKnight, John L. â€Å"Looking at Capacity, Not Deficiency.† In Revitalizing Our Cities. Lipsitz, Marc (ed.). New York: The Fund for an American Renaissance and the National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise, 1985. Morgan, Arthur E. The Small Community: Foundation of Democratic Life. New York: Harper and Bros., 1942. Rutter, M. Scientific Foundations of Developmental Psychiatry. London: Heineman, 1979. Schmidt, E. and Eldridge, A. â€Å"The Attachment Relationship and Child Maltreatment.† Infant Mental Health Journal, vol. 7. No. 4, Winter 1986. Sroufe, L.A. and Fleeson, J. â€Å"Attachment and the Construction of Relationships. In Relationships and Development. Hartup, W. and Rubin, Z. (eds.). Hillsdale: Earlbaum, 1986. Wade, Jerry. â€Å"Felt Needs and Anticipatory Needs: Reformulation of a Basic Community Development Principle.† Journal of the Community Development Society 20, 1989. Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J. and Albersheim, L. â€Å"Attachment Stability in Infancy and Early Adulthood: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 71, 2000. Weinfield, N., Sroufe, L. A. and Egeland, B. â€Å"Attachment from Infancy to Early Adulthood in a High Risk Sample: Continuity, Discontinuity, and their Correlates.† Child Development, 71, 2000.

Tourism And Economic Growth Of Sri Lanka Tourism Essay

Tourism And Economic Growth Of Sri Lanka Tourism Essay 1. Tourism is a good business in modern world to attract foreign currencies and it gives a large number of occupations to the people. Modern tourist industry develops with various requirement or purposes of tourists like pleasure, business, education requirement, research and many some more other visit foreign countries during their vacations or winter seasons of their native countries. Because they expect to reduce their expenses and difficulties due to seasonal changes. 2. Thailand, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Maldives and Indonesia are the most famous tourist destinations in modern world. Sri Lanka is also a world famous tourist destination and known as a Paradise Island in the world. Country size, geographical variation, climatic condition, cultural and heritage sites, natural environment and tourists expenses are the key facts to attract tourists to the country. 3. But this paradise Island suffered with a thirty years conflict situation and during that time tourist industry collapsed. Tourists rejected this Island with conflict environment because there have been many explosions in Colombo and suburban areas. As well most states labeled this country as non tourism destination for safer visits. As a result most tourists were attracted to other destinations like Fuket Island, Maldives and Thailand. 4. Tourist industry of Sri Lanka regenerated after the end of crisis environment of the country and started a new economic development programme since 2009. Giant infrastructure resources invested to boost the economy of the country. This miracle was started after the dawn under sustainable peace and political environment of the country. Foreign money is very important for these developments because economy development highly expects to attract foreign currencies under many ways like Foreign Direct investments, Aid, foreign occupations, tourism and loan facilities. 5. Sri Lanka is expecting to develop this country as a major tourist destination in Asia. Sri Lanka has various opportunities to achieve that goal like pleasure tourism, eco tourism, cultural and heritage sites, religious base tourism, business, education and facilitator as a centre of international transportations. But tourism sector need wide range resources and facilities to develop that as the main economic sector contributor. Present infrastructure development programme concerns to develop tourist sector requirements like international standard roads, hotels, urban areas, aviation and harbor sector developments. 6. International tourism is a giant business because it consists with large number of services and requirements. Tourists visit to take new experiences and pleasure from their visits. They do not expect complex legal procedures and restrictions from their destination places. In contrast tourist industry gains some big troubles to host country as sexually transmitted diseases, illegal drugs and social challenges. Therefore Sri Lanka needs to concern balance economic development through tourism in the future. AIM 7. The aim of this paper is to discuss the development of tourism industry and its contribution to develop the economy of Sri Lanka. IMPORTANCE AS A TOURIST DESTINATION 8. Tourist destination needs stronger opportunities to attract tourism easily because tourists expect different environments than their home or states. Natural splendour, scenic beauty, tropical climatic condition and historical sites increased the value of this island to tourists in all over the world. Also they can travel from different climatic conditions within 3 to 4 hours travel from any part of the country with the geographical size of the island. These factors are gaining additional value to their tours and to Sri Lanka to improvise tourism and countrys development. NATURAL VALUES OF SRI LANKA 9. Sri Lanka is a humid tropical island lying in the South Asian region to southwest of the Indian peninsula in the Indian Ocean. When considering the geography and topography of the island three height levels or erosion levels are recognized by their height and slope features. The first level is the largest of the three and extends from sea level to 270m above mean sea level. The Uplands or the second level extends from 270m to 900m above mean sea level and the Highlands or third level at 900 to 2420m. These height levels illustrated very valuable scenic beauty and climatic difference to the country. Most tourists attract this variation and they enjoying with these values during their visits. 10. The island has also been divided into four climatic zones based on rainfall. The Dry zone occupies less 60 per cent of the total land area of the country. Its annual rainfall is between 1250-1900 mm and its mean annual temperature ranges 27 to 30Â °C. It is characterized by monsoon forests and thorn scrublands. The Wet zone which covers approximately 23 per cent of the total land area, receives a rainfall of 2500-5000 mm per year. It consists of lowland evergreen forests, montane rain forests and semi evergreen rain forests. 11. The transition zone between the above two zones is known as the Intermediate zone where the annual rainfall varies between 1900-2500 mm. The two semi-arid zones in the South-east and North-west receive less than 1250 mm of rainfall per year. Climatic difference made wider environmental difference in the country. Therefore tourists can visit various natural environments with high variation of biodiversities. 12. Another most important natural value for tourism industry development is land portion of Sri Lanka because our motherland is small in size with only 65,610 square kilometers of land. Its significant variation in climate, topography and soil properties has given rise to a striking variety of forest types. It provide habitats for a wide diversity of faunal and floral species. In fact Sri Lanka is one of the eight Hottest Hotspots out of the 25 Biodiversity Hotspots of international significance and is ranked among the highest in Asia in terms of biodiversity per unit area. Tourist can visit through these environments because Sri Lanka provides enough facilities to watch sanctuaries, wildlife parks and forest reservoir areas after taking appropriate permissions to visits. This is a big experience for tourists because they can take most natural experiences from this tiny island. 13. Fifteen floristic regions have been recognized within the country and these diverse habitats have given rise to a corresponding wide range of natural vegetations including forests like Tropical wet evergreen forests, Tropical moist semi-evergreen forests, Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests, Tropical thorn forests, Savannahs, Riverine forests, Tropical lower Montana forests and Tropical Montana or cloud forests, grasslands, Dry Montana grasslands, Lowland grasslands, Wet villu grasslands, inland wetlands and coastal and marine habitats. Such natural values enhance the value of the country and this island world famous as one of the natural treasure of the world. HERITAGE VALUES 14. Sri Lanka is a rich country with heritage values with over 2500 years modern history and millions of years pre historic era. Most cultural and heritage values developed in the country with the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Sri Lanka consisted with big treasure of heritage sites and ancient constructions like Load Buddhas statues, stupas, tanks, other statues, wall paintings, cave paintings, stone carvings and religious places. Sri Lanka provides facilities to visit these heritage sites and tourists can take interesting experiences from these tours. 15. Tourists can visit ancient kingdoms like Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Sigiriya and Kandy. As well Sri Lanka has number of colonial era constructions and architecture in various places and they can also see indigenous groups and their life styles if they travel to Dambana areas. Sri Pada or Adams peak, Anuradhapura Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi and Temple of Tooth relic are most important religious places of Sri Lanka and tourists can visits all these places with their interests. CULTURAL AND TRADITIONAL VALUES 16. Sri Lanka is a multi ethnic country and world most popular religious groups are living in the country. Therefore they can take experiences about the cultural and traditional differences of these communities. They can take experiences about customary food of Sri Lankans like rice and curry, hoppers, milk rice, roti, string hoppers, pittu, and kottu. They can take these experiences much easily because most local restaurants, hotels and smaller hotels provide wide range food for everyone. Furthermore tourist can buy any other cuisine from most tourist restaurants and hotels with their interests. 17. Sri Lankans celebrate various religious and cultural festivals throughout the year therefore tourists can take these experiences with seasonal celebrations like Sinhala and tamil new year, Wesak, posson and Esala festival, Christmas and new year celebrations when they visit to Sri Lanka. Esala procession and various other processions can be seen in Sri Lanka and it gains good experience for tourists because they can watch these cultural and traditional events without any payments. OTHER ENTERTAINMENTS 18. Visit to Sri Lanka provide various entertainment opportunities to tourists. They can enjoy their holidays with various attractive things like beach parties, club parties, music, bright sunshine, sea bathing and Ayurvedic treatments. Furthermore they can visit to watch whales, corals, diving events, boat trips, elephant orphanage, zoological and botanical garden. Tourist can visit to local shopping and they have opportunities to buy various attractive things like gems, handicrafts, dresses, duty free equipments and most local market items like fresh fruits, meats, fish, instant food and packet items. TOURIST DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND EFFECTIVENESS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH 19. Tourism industry is still developing after crisis environment. But large number of tourists attracted to this country after the crisis environment in 2009. Therefore tourist industry is boosted again with high potential in income ways and infrastructure development ways. Tourism sector development helped to develop countrys economy and economic development rate and it represents as a major foreign currency earning way of the country. a. Earn Foreign Money. Tourism sector directly helps to flow foreign money into the country. Tourism industry is a giant foreign income way because we can earn foreign money through providing tourist sector services to the guests and sale other type of goods and services to them. Sri Lanka earned over 213 million US dollars in 2001 from direct tourist sector services and it increase as 350 million US dollars in 2009 and 575 million US dollars income in 2010 and 645 million US dollars income in 2011. b. Develop Local Business and Tourist Sector Facilities. Tourist sector facilities also developed after the war. Large number of hotels and restaurants were closed and others depended with very low incomes during past two decades. Sri Lankan tourist sector survived in 2001 with 414 accommodations places included with 13,626 room facilities. This environment increased up to 783 accommodations with 14,714 rooms in 2010. This development helped to boost countrys economy as well we could provide food, spa services and other essential facilities to tourists through this industry and developed all these sectors during past few years. c. Attract Foreign Direct Investments. From the end of 2008 Sri Lankan economy displayed some positive attitudes again after few years. The FDIs inflow to the country in 2010 reveals that about 59 percent came into infrastructure development projects, manufacturing sector attracted 30.9 percent, service sector attracted 8.6 percent included with 2.7 for tourist sector and agriculture sector attracted 1.3 percent. China invest a large amount of financial in Sri Lankan land in tourism sector and Sri Lanka expects US dollor1.5 billion foreign direct investments through its first tourist city project. d. New Job Opportunities. Tourist industry consisted of wider job opportunities to Sri Lanka as direct and indirect job opportunities. This sector includes hotel field job opportunities, spa and saloon, guide and field services and transport sector job opportunities. Employment in tourist industry is represented 80,904 persons in 2001 and it increased up to 134,250 in 2011. Category 2001 2010 2011 Accommodations for Tourist 414 783 824 Employment of tourist Industry 80 904 132 055 134 250 Gross Tourist receipts (US dollars Million) 213 575 645 Annual room occupation rate (per cent) 42.1 70.1 71.8 Table 1: Tourism sector development 2001 to 2011. Source: Annual report 2011, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT PRESENT 20. Tourist industry has re-emerged after two decades under peaceful environment. Now most countries have removed their barriers for their citizens to visit Sri Lanka and they accept the present environment in Sri Lanka as an ideal country for tourism. Most tourist sector magazines and websites guaranteed our security environment and tourist sector services. As a result 654,476 tourists visited Sri Lanka during the year 2010 and it increased up to 855,975 arrivals in 2011. The tourist arrival has increased by 30.8 percent in 2011 than year 2010. 21. Nearly 85,874 tourists have visited in January 2012 and this trend continued until April 2012. Large numbers of tourists have arrived to Sri Lanka from European nations. They have been elected this country for their seasonal vacations after a very long time. Most of them highly appreciate about our hospitality, accommodations, our charges and new innovations in the industry. Sri Lanka could earn 830.3 million US dollar income through tourism industry in year 2012 and expect to increase tourist arrivals up to 1 million in this year. 22. Around 78.9 per cent of tourists arrived Sri Lanka to spend their holidays and most of them represent the middle income earners. Therefore, they spend little for additional purposes than their major purposes. Nearly 12.7 per cent visited Sri Lanka for business requirements and 5.4 per cent visited to met their relations and pals. Most tourists visit Sri Lanka to take more opportunities in visiting sites and engage in entertainments under effective budget. They have been attracted by our Ayurvedic treatments and spa services because they have to pay large amount in their countries for such services. Item 2001 2005 2010 2011 Tourist arrival for pleasure 300,545 382,321 516,538 Tourist arrival for business 22, 677 92,879 83,270 Tourist arrivals for other 13,572 74,108 54,668 Total Tourist arrivals 336,794 549,308 654,476 855,975 Table2: Tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka from 2001-2011. Source: Annual report 2011, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. GOVERNMENT EFFORT 23. Sri Lankan government has identified the requirements of tourist sector developments and has given priority to develop this country as a tourist destination. Under this programme the government has provided various facilities to tourists, tourist sector entrepreneurs and employees. Government has given much stronger support to these programme because it can use as major income of the country. a. Government has arranged giant hotel development programmes and attracted world largest hotel sector entrepreneurs to the country. b. Introduced new tourist destinations like Nilaweli, Arugam bay, Mirissa and reopened Kumana and other sanctuaries to tourists. c. Conducted international level promotion campaign to give publicity about Sri Lanka. This program conducted through diplomatic relationships. This programme was named as Visit Sri Lanka. d. Government has launched urban development programmes to construct major cities of the country to enhance tourism. These projects enhance the infrastructure facilities, tourist information premises, standard accommodations, leisure areas and important places of the each region. 24. Sri Lanka Tourist Board and Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority are operating under the authority of Ministry of Tourism and these organizations helped to develop tourism in the country. The Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority was formed under Section 2 of the Tourism ACT. SLTDA has provided several facilities to develop tourism in Sri Lanka. Ministry of tourism organized programmes to protect tourist industry and national values of the country with: a. All tourist sector services registered under the Tourist board and arranged limitations and standardization methods to enhance accommodations, restaurant, transportation and tourist guide facilities of the country. b. Manage and maintain tourist development programmes with the support of ministry of cultural and heritage. c. Banned illegal drugs, prostitutions and some alcohols in the environment of tourism industry. Sri Lanka police provide essential service and support to this program. Sri Lanka police has established special police unit to handle tourism related cases of the country. d. Tourist Board and Municipal Councils maintain Tourist information centers in all major cities of the island. 25. Sri Lanka expects to enhance tourism industry as the main contributor of our economy. Therefore we expect to attract 2.5 million tourists in 2016 and it will use to develop the economy of the country. Most infrastructures development projects help to enhance tourism sector of the country. Today our road network upgraded as international levels and local aviation systems also started to provide good service to tourists. Sri Lanka Air force and civil aviation authority provide good service to boost this programme. CHALLENGES AND THREATS FOR FUTURE TOURISM 26. Tourist industry of the country is developing with a rapid growth rate at present. Most accommodation and restaurant facilities comprehensively renewed to enhance tourism of the country. But we have been faced several issues in this sector with higher tourists arrivals. Comfortable accommodations and tourist board approved restaurants are not enough to handle the capacity of tourist sector. Number of new hotels and motels are constructing in everywhere of the country but we cant reach the goal in 2016 without expedited programmes in this sector. Our economic development goals are illustrated through these objectives, therefore we should be needed to catch these goals in correct time. 27. New tourist destinations need more accommodations, sanitations and restaurant facilities. Accommodations and restaurant facilities are very poor in northern region and new constructions are going under way. Therefore foreigners still do not visit to these areas. Sri Lanka is a maritime nation and most tourists like to spend in beach areas but our lifeguard services are not enough to provide good security to tourists who use our beaches and sea areas. As well Sri Lanka has beautiful inland water reservoirs but these resources cannot be used by anyone under lack of trainee personalities around those areas. 28. Prostitution and drug usage are other key issues in Sri Lanka. As well some tourists find sexual pleasure during their tours therefore these businesses are secretly arranged in Sri Lankan environment. Gay sexual participation is higher than female prostitutions because this method can be used without major problems under present legal process. Over 40,000 prostitutes and around 150,000 secrete prostitution members engage in this business. 29. Tourism industry is widely spread in most countries and numbers of regional countries provide remarkable facilities to foreigners. Thailand, Maldives, Singapore, Vietnam and India are key competitors in this region and they provide prostitution services to tourists and they have given relatively low cost packages to visitors. But we have faced big issues in this matter because Sri Lankan law enforcement, social environment, religious environment and health environment do not allow for prostitution in this country. Especially HIV infection is widely spread with prostitution, therefore this matter is a big challenge to the Sri Lankan environment. Sexual transmitted diseases and gambling have wide spreaded in tourist destinations and it will expand with new tourist destinations too. 30. Large number of persons engage to this massive business as Tourist guides or transport agents. But most of them engage in this giant industry without any professional qualification and it affected to gain many adverse results to Sri Lanka. This industry need professional persons in many fields like multiple language users, professional chefs, waiters, tourist lecturers and musicians to develop tourism in Sri Lanka. We can earn additional income through our cultural events and Ayurvedic treatments but the problem is most of these sector professionals are very rare in modern environment. SUMMARY 31. Sri Lanka is a great tourism destination and it is popular among Europeans since 12 Century. This industry developed in this country with three key factors like Sri Lanka is an authentic tourist destination, the country is a compact Island of 65610km and biodiversity and heritage spread is in a very widen range than other countries. As well this country is situated in a key position in international naval trade route and it can use to develop tourism industry. 32. Sri Lankan people, culture, spices food, gems, handcrafts, festival features, religious environments and adventure events increase the value for real tourism sector development. Sri Lanka is a key maritime nation and now we need to develop this country as economically developed country. Therefore we need to find suitable income ways and tourism industry is very important for that. Tourists highly interest to visit this island therefore we need to provide essential facilities and effective packages to enhance tourism industry. 33. Past dark years conflict environment adversely affected to tourism industry and it vigorously affected to decline economic development of the country. Sri Lanka survived with agriculture Corps since ancient history but now we need to develop with much stronger economic strategies. Therefore Sri Lanka needs to enhance tourism sector development with proper government mediations. 34. Over 800,000 tourist visited this country in 2011 and it continued in first quarter of 2012. In 2011 Sri Lanka earned 830.3 million US dollars through tourism and government expect to increase up to 1 million tourists visits in 2012. With the current accommodation facilities we can manage this target and now we need suitable expedited programmes to enhance tourist industry infrastructure developments in next two or three years. RECOMMANDATIONS 35. Government should be needed to mediate to solve tourism sector issues, especially in Sri Lanka tourism sector need large number of professionals in each fields. Therefore government should be needed to implement training and development programmes or standardization method to categories tourism sector employees as standard level. 36. Tourist Board can implement training programmes for tourist guides who work as beach boys or guides at present. This programme should be included registration system and need to issue standard identity card for them. This process is helping to increase talented job opportunities and it is effective to enhance the economy of the country. 37. Sri Lanka expects to earn foreign currencies through tourism therefore we need to standardize tourism sector price ranges and service values because tourists expect effective service during their visits. a. We can introduce proper billing method for accommodations. Under this we can implement suitable range of prices for each hotel classes. b. We can introduce proper local taxi services and tourist transport process to enhance countrys transport facilities for tourists. c. Ayurvedi spa services and medical facilities should be need to categories with proper ways. 38. Sri Lanka need 40,000 to 50,000 accommodation facilities to enhance tourism in next few years. Therefore government should be needed to provide additional facilities to attract new local and foreign investment to his sector. 39. Harbor and airport development programmes directly support to enhance our economy but we can earn additional foreign income with the development of tourism industry. Most international mariners and aviation industry professionals need accommodation facilities during their journeys therefore we can develop new tourism environment among these people. 40. Sri Lanka needs new law enforcement to develop tourism industry because most tourists visit this country for pleasure or joining with various entertaining events. We should be needed to provide some essential services like gambling and some alcohols to tourist under new formations. 41. Sri Lanka has a beautiful natural environment therefore we can market this resources through eco tourism development. Most foreigners are interested in spending their leisure with the natural environment. 42. Ayurvedic medicines and treatments are very important to enhance tourist attraction. Therefore we should be needed to introduce proper framework to provide correct ayurvedic treatments to tourists. B M A N V GUNATHILAKA CR Lieutenant Student Officer

Theme Analysis of Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Theme Analysis of Fahrenheit 451    The theme of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 can be viewed from several different angles.   First and foremost, Bradbury's novel gives an anti-censorship message.   Bradbury understood censorship to be a natural outcropping of an overly tolerant society.   Once one group objects to something someone has written, that book is modified and censorship begins. Soon, another minority group objects to something else in the book, and it is again edited until eventually the book is banned altogether.   In Bradbury's novel, society has evolved to such an extreme that all literature is illegal to possess.   No longer can books be read, not only because they might offend someone, but because books raise questions that often lead to revolutions and even anarchy.   The intellectual thinking that arises from reading books can often be dangerous, and the government doesn't want to put up with this danger.   Yet this philosophy, according to Bradbury, completely ignores the benefits of k nowledge.   Yes, knowledge can cause disharmony, but in many ways, knowledge of the past, which is recorded in books, can prevent man from making similar mistakes in the present and future.    The society envisioned by Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 is often compared to Huxley's Brave New World.   Though both works definitely have an anti-government theme, this is not the core idea of Bradbury's novel.   As Beatty explains in part one, government control of people's lives was not a conspiracy of dictators or tyrants, but a consensus of everyday people. People are weak-minded; they don't want to think for themselves and solve the troubling problems of the world.   It is far easier to live a life of seclusion and illusion-a life where the television is reality.   Yet more importantly, Fahrenheit 451 is an anti-apathy and anti-dependence and anti-television message.   People in the novel are afraid-afraid of themselves.   They fear the thought of knowing, which leads them to depend of others (government) to think for them.   Since they aren't thinking, they need something to occupy their time.   This is where television comes in.   A whole host of problems arise from television: violence, depression and even suicide.

Diversifying Teaching Styles to Meet the Needs of All Learners Essay

Diversifying Teaching Styles to Meet the Needs of All Learners When researching about education, one often finds a great deal of literature and information about learning styles. Educators spend countless hours studying their students in order to find out how they learn best. All students have needs when it comes to how they learn and educators must be able to meet those needs in order to promote successful learning in their classrooms. This (paper/article) will focus on teaching strategies and how to vary them so that each learning style preference is addressed, therefore increasing the level of achievement of each student and making learning a successful outcome in the classroom. Strategies, or methods of instruction, include the ways in which the content/information is transformed into new learning for the students. The content can be transformed directly from the teacher to the student through lecture, demonstration, drill and questioning, or more indirectly where the teacher's role is to facilitate learning situations through grouping, discovery, inquiry, role-play and simulations (Freiberg, Driscoll, 1996). Wilen, Ishler, Hutchison, and Kindsvatter (2000) stress that building a positive, supportive learning environment is an important goal for all teachers who want their students to succeed in learning. To maintain student interest and achieve higher results, they encourage teachers to use a variety of methods. They suggest four strategies for "generating an academic climate" in the classroom (p. 30): 1) be task oriented and aware of time. Teachers often find themselves in a situation, which limits the amount of time they can spend on a certain topi c. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers try to rema... ..., A. (1996). Universal teaching strategies (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Hyman, R.T. (1974). Ways of teaching (2nd ed.). New York: J.B. Lippincott. Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E. (1991). Teaching students ways to remember. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books. Ornstein, A. C. (1995). Teaching theory into practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Plauche-Parker, J. (1989). Instructional strategies for teaching the gifted. Needham Heights, MA; Allyn & Bacon, Inc. Tuckman, B. W. (1991). "Derivation and description of and interpersonal construct model of teaching to help student teachers self-actualize." Paper presented an annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago. Wilen, W., Ishler, M., Hutchison, J., Kindsvatter, R. (2000). Dynamics of effective teaching (4th ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman Diversifying Teaching Styles to Meet the Needs of All Learners Essay Diversifying Teaching Styles to Meet the Needs of All Learners When researching about education, one often finds a great deal of literature and information about learning styles. Educators spend countless hours studying their students in order to find out how they learn best. All students have needs when it comes to how they learn and educators must be able to meet those needs in order to promote successful learning in their classrooms. This (paper/article) will focus on teaching strategies and how to vary them so that each learning style preference is addressed, therefore increasing the level of achievement of each student and making learning a successful outcome in the classroom. Strategies, or methods of instruction, include the ways in which the content/information is transformed into new learning for the students. The content can be transformed directly from the teacher to the student through lecture, demonstration, drill and questioning, or more indirectly where the teacher's role is to facilitate learning situations through grouping, discovery, inquiry, role-play and simulations (Freiberg, Driscoll, 1996). Wilen, Ishler, Hutchison, and Kindsvatter (2000) stress that building a positive, supportive learning environment is an important goal for all teachers who want their students to succeed in learning. To maintain student interest and achieve higher results, they encourage teachers to use a variety of methods. They suggest four strategies for "generating an academic climate" in the classroom (p. 30): 1) be task oriented and aware of time. Teachers often find themselves in a situation, which limits the amount of time they can spend on a certain topi c. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers try to rema... ..., A. (1996). Universal teaching strategies (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Hyman, R.T. (1974). Ways of teaching (2nd ed.). New York: J.B. Lippincott. Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E. (1991). Teaching students ways to remember. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books. Ornstein, A. C. (1995). Teaching theory into practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Plauche-Parker, J. (1989). Instructional strategies for teaching the gifted. Needham Heights, MA; Allyn & Bacon, Inc. Tuckman, B. W. (1991). "Derivation and description of and interpersonal construct model of teaching to help student teachers self-actualize." Paper presented an annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago. Wilen, W., Ishler, M., Hutchison, J., Kindsvatter, R. (2000). Dynamics of effective teaching (4th ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman

Lisa Sherman Case Analysis

Lisa Sherman worked for Verizon for many years. While there she never revealed her sexual orientation . Then one fated day, there was a diversification workshop with her fellow managers. The outcome of this was that her coworkers were bigoted towards homosexuality. Lisa Sherman had a tough decision to make, whether to stay or to leave. The following analysis shows a suggested solution. Lisa Sherman Case Analysis: Lisa Sherman spent many years not being true to who she was. She never told her coworkers that she was gay during her 15 years at Verizon Communications. Then, the company decided they wanted to hold diversity training. This is what led Lisa Sherman to the tough decision of whether to stay working at Verizon or put in her notice. The diversity training displayed general statements about different types of people, with statements such as â€Å"gay people are†¦Ã¢â‚¬  written on poster boards. The corporate leaders then formed groups and wrote on the poster boards what their first concept of a particular group of people was. Their statements of groups such as Blacks and Jews involved only positive messages. However when they got to the board regarding homosexual people, it was nothing at all positive, with comments such as â€Å"immoral, pathetic, perverse, and spreading disease. † (Audenaert and George, 2008). How could Lisa now open up and tell these people that she herself was Gay, when they thought such horrid things? Not only were negative derogatory statements bad for Lisa Sherman they were also bad for the company. The CEO Ray Smith wanted to enact a policy of diversification, to take Verizon into a more flexible and creative company. He planned to establish policies that barred not hiring someone because of their ethnic background, religion, race, sex, and sexual orientation. However if his highest level managers felt this way about Gay people what did the rest of the company feel? Lisa Sherman was with Verizon for 15 years, working her way up the chain. She had always hid her sexuality and the existence of her partner Sophie, using pronouns such as â€Å"him† and â€Å"we† for â€Å"her† and â€Å"she† (Alboher, 2008). She felt that if she were to tell anyone it would affect her career, which allegedly proved to be a correct assumption, from the comments that her co-workers made. One of the most homophobic individuals turned out to be one of Lisa’s mentors. In essence, the people Lisa had been closest to turned out to be bigoted individuals. When deciding what to do, Lisa needs to be sure it is in the best interest of her needs. Since she has been with the same company for 15 years, and quickly worked her way up, she probably has a myriad of opportunities waiting for her. She can inform the CEO Ray Smith of her sexual orientation, as he wants the company to become more progressive and would (allegedly) not be bothered by her sexuality. However, the rest of her coworkers still feel that Gay people are immoral, disgusting people. Even if the CEO did not mind her sexuality, her coworkers would still see her in a different light. I feel the best decision that Lisa can make is to look for different work, with a more open, progressive company, then resign from Verizon. This decision would allow her time to get her finances in order. However, if she had a large savings, then the best decision would be to resign immediately, because being around such bigoted individuals would cause her undue stress, and her performance may be affected. If Lisa Sherman chooses to resign, since the CEO Ray Smith is so open to becoming a more diversified workforce, perhaps he can use her and her experience, when she informs him of her sexuality, as a consultant for future policies. Lisa could be a great asset to the company, as she has experienced the bigotry and discrimination about her sexuality her whole adult life, since she first came out. She understands what it means to not admit to others your true self, for fear of losing a job, or not gaining a job. Policies can be changed but unfortunately it takes much more work to change people’s opinions. People are afraid of the unknown, they fear change (Pratt, 2005). To help change people’s opinions training would need to be done, to show that Gay individuals are no different than anyone else. They do not choose their sexuality anymore than someone chooses their skin color. Someone should not be judged by something that they cannot choose. If Lisa Sherman chooses to resign, Verizon Communications and the CEO need to reeducate their employees on what a diversified workplace should be like. There are currently no federal laws that prohibit workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation (Smith, 2010). However many states and companies have laws and regulations that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. The company should respond by offering condolences to Lisa Sherman, then start by making policies to make all workers comfortable. Lisa Sherman was a good employee and a hard worker for many years, yet she had to hide who she really was. No employee should have to hide their family life; it affects their stress levels and their mood. Lisa stated that while others had pictures of their wives and kids on their desks, she had a picture of her dog. Lisa should have been comfortable with having her partner’s photo on her desk, as she was her family. Unfortunately, as the office was not a comfortable place for a lesbian woman to state that she was a lesbian, she was unable to. Whatever the actual outcome was in this case, Lisa Sherman should leave the company for her own peace of mind, and sense of self worth. Verizon Communications and Ray Smith need to take the company to a modern, progressive state, by hiring openly gay people, and enacting policies to prevent discrimination in hiring, and the harassment of workers. Such a progressive policy is not only good for the workforce but for the company. As a company that is so open to diversification, they are bound to increase their customer base. Works Cited http://www.life-with-confidence.com/life-change.html http://www.hrhero.com/topics/sexual_orientation_discrimination.html

NGN Migration

There is an urgent need that telecommunication services that are converged and qualitative be offered as this will pave way for the Next Generation Networks focusing on reducing the existing digital divide. NGN migration involves the process of changing the dormant cabinets to being active. This requires very accurate information on the local loop connectivity enabling the existing pairs to be rapidly copied from the existing frame to a new one and without erring. (Michael, 2001) Once the migration is completed without any service interruption any information concerning the quality of the pairs is very important in supplying the high-bandwidth services. Most carriers and service providers are looking for an aggressive improvement of their services and their migration to the New Generation Services Network. There is an intense competition which is continually eroding the profitability of most of the service providers majority of whom are transiting to IP.The NGN service providers thus need more inventive   joint infrastructures  Ã‚   that will improve the current services delivery. They should also provide a framework for solutions in the intelligence of the greater network. (Lee, Deborah, Kevin, and Sally, 2000) The carriers will not only have a short term relief through flexibility and incorporation but also their position in seizing other new market opportunities will be expanded. The solutions which are part and parcel of the Cisco IP NGN objectives encompass a wider transformation of both the entire businesses and the service providers. The IP NGN sanctions the service providers to meet all the customers’ needs more efficiently while providing a basis for delivering profit sustaining applications. Cisco IP NGM has created an intelligent infrastructure that opens opportunities for service providers so that they can offer more advanced and personalized media services over any other form of connection. Cisco strongly supports the NGN transition in relation to its conceptual planning and the network design. It also serves as a business partner supporting the service providers on the NGN migration. Cisco on the other hand assists the service providers in transforming their businesses and their networks. The transformation offers new value added services that help them increase their profitability and achieve greater efficiency. The IP NGM cannot be bought by the service providers since it evolves constantly adapting to its customers demands and opportunities in the new technology. However it is possible to still give speculations about the transformation. The NGM encompasses the service provider’s current and future services realizing the fact that the largest part of the growth will be in data and video services. Voice services will initially be significant in the service portfolio giving way to richer media services inclusive of video, voice and data. (Larry & Bruce, 2000) The shift towards NGN entails the service provider’s network as a whole since it not only concerns itself with bandwidth in network access but also in the delivery of an excellence bandwidth in the entire network. IP NGM is more about making significant changes to an individual network thus creating a single network for service deliveries. A regulators global symposium held in February 2007 laid down guidelines for NGNs migration with a goal of promoting frameworks that promote innovation, and a reasonably priced access to NGN.This took place in a three day meeting in Dubai during which   Ã‚  guidelines for telecommunications migration were laid down. The regulators designed a roadmap that would encourage frameworks that are regulated .The International Engineering Consortium experts gave an NGN definition as the blend between the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the public switched data network (PSDN) as it also creates a multi service single network. An explanation was given that the switch infrastructures proprietary owned, the architecture for NGNs pushes for a central office functions to the network edge. The results are a network infrastructure that is well distributed leveraging open and new technologies therefore reducing the market entry cost and increasing flexibility as well as accommodate the packet-switched data and the circuit-switched data. (Ericsson, 2001) Other scholars similarly defined it as the future networks stimulated by the need to transport data and multimedia services through the same network having very flexible deployment and the capability to change various models in the economy for the best results. The telecommunications regulatory department globally that is in charge of the standardization also defined NGN as a network that is packet based with the potential to provide various telecommunication services and simultaneously making use of the multiple broadband. Practically speaking the NGN involves architectural changes which include the core network through the PSTN design and the cable and wire access.NGN encompasses transport networks as a core network with each built for a totally different service to become a single transport network which is oftenly based on either internet protocol (IP) or Ethernet. There is a specific definition between the network services running on the transports top and the connectivity ratio of the network. This indicates that when a new service is to be enabled by a provider this could be done by first directly defining the service layer without the consideration of the transport layer. Here the services are independent of any details pertaining transport thus increasing the applications that are independent of the network access through delayering of the application and the networks. The global symposium for the regulators was initiated in the year 2000with participants from all over the world as this year they centered on the NGNs migration. It focused on the roadmap to next generation’s networks and how they could achieve success at the same time promoting investment. The meeting also fully did an examination on the regulatory issues that are very urgent such as the NGNs interconnection, competition, universal access, consumer protection, investment and the global interconnection of the internet. According to the regulators secretary general the best practices were to be adopted offering a possible way of providing benefits to both the consumers and the service providers through reduced costs. They would also offer new and innovative services to the consumers. The guidelines also called upon the regulators to adopt regimes that can be subjected to regular checkups ensuring that competition barriers are eliminated. They were to ensure that both the users and the providers can easily migrate to other networks in the future when all the required market conditions are met. (Bennett, 2001) The regulators were ready to tailor the adopted practices in the world market as they were also urged in adopting flexible interconnection models that would allow a very smooth transition to the NGNs.They were also urged to maintain a playing field that is leveled thus protecting the interests of the consumers. The participants made an agreement that various steps were to be taken that the market did not suffer any form of competition distortion especially in the issue of convergence. There was also a risk that the providers of the NGN and the operators also were in a position to regulate the competition at the service level to their own advantage. The regulators were also cautioned to be on the look out monitoring any incidents requiring a regulatory response (Erick, 2001) The ITU director also gave an explanation that NGN was placed in-between thee internet and the telecom worlds thus bringing out a variety of issues to be handled by the regulators themselves. They were also encouraged to clearly define policies that would allow the IP networks and the legacy to co-exist offering a voice together. There should be a consideration put in place while making the obligations applicable to the providers and the operators of the telephony services not considering the service delivery to the consumers (Anders 2000) The issues pertaining the process of the NGNs migration are to be addressed with urgency for the formation of a high level co-coordinating committee consisting of the major key players in the industry. These key people are to all the issues relevant so that there is a there is a systematic and smooth transition from the existing networks to the NGNs.Various issues are to be handled by the committee formed so that they can create awareness for the NGNs building programme.They are also expected to put up a timetable for the NGN migration world wide.    References Anders A. (2000):   Capacital study of statistical multiplexing for IP telephony. Technical Report T2000:03, SICS. P 78-105 Bennett, J.   (2001): Voice over packet reliability issues for next generation net- Works. In IEEE International Conference on Communications, volume 1, ICC, June 2001. P 142–145. Eirik, H. (2001):   Planning for migration to a next generation network. Master’s thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, September 2001 p 89-99 Ericsson, O. (2001):   The migration story: Different highways to a multi-service net- Work. White Paper, October 2001. p 85 Larry L. & Bruce S. (2000):   Computer Networks, a Systems Approach. Morgan Kaufmann, second edition. P 45-66 Lee B., Deborah E., Kevin, F., and Sally F. (2000): Advances in network simulation. IEEE Computer, 33(5), 78-84 Michael, D. (2001):   Evolving the next generation network. Technical Report PR 109 NPD 01, Eircom, March 2001.p 56-89